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according to this fossil record chart, trilobites probably lived in what ancient environment?

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Electric current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life

This article is about the evolution of all life on Globe. For more than detailed and comprehensive coverage, see evolutionary history of life.

The timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the evolution of life on planet Globe. In biological science, evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give ascent to variety at every level of biological arrangement, from kingdoms to species, and individual organisms and molecules, such as DNA and proteins. The similarities between all present day organisms indicate the presence of a common antecedent from which all known species, living and extinct, take diverged through the process of development. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over v billion species,[1] that ever lived on Earth are estimated to exist extinct.[2] [three] Estimates on the number of Earth's electric current species range from 10 million to xiv one thousand thousand,[iv] of which nearly ane.2 1000000 have been documented and over 86 percent accept not notwithstanding been described.[5] However, a May 2016 scientific written report estimates that one trillion species are currently on Earth, with but one-thousandth of ane per centum described.[6]

While the dates given in this commodity are estimates based on scientific evidence, at that place has been controversy between more traditional views of increased biodiversity through a cone of diversity with the passing of time and the view that the bones pattern on Earth has been 1 of annihilation and diversification and that in certain past times, such equally the Cambrian explosion, in that location was great variety.[seven] [8]

Extinction [edit]

Visual representation of the history of life on World every bit a spiral

Species go extinct constantly as environments alter, as organisms compete for environmental niches, and every bit genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. Occasionally, biodiversity on Earth undergoes a rapid reduction in the form of a mass extinction in which the extinction rate is much higher than usual.[nine] A big extinction-event often represents an accumulation of smaller extinction- events that have place in a relatively brief period of time.[10]

The kickoff known mass extinction in earth's history was the Nifty Oxidation Event 2.4 billion years ago, which led to the loss of most of the planet'south obligate anaerobes. Researchers have identified five major extinction events in globe'south history since:[11]

  • Cease of the Ordovician: 440 1000000 years ago, 86% of all species lost, including graptolites
  • Belatedly Devonian: 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost, including nigh trilobites
  • End of the Permian, "The Bang-up Dying": 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including tabulate corals, and nigh extant copse and synapsids
  • End of the Triassic: 200 one thousand thousand years ago, 80% of species lost, including all of the conodonts
  • Finish of the Cretaceous: 66 meg years ago, 76% of species lost, including all of the ammonites, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, and nonavian dinosaurs

(Dates and percentages correspond estimates.)

Smaller extinction-events have occurred in the periods between these larger catastrophes, with some standing at the delineation points of the periods and epochs recognized past scientists in geologic time. The Holocene extinction event is currently under way.[12]

Factors in mass extinctions include continental migrate, changes in atmospheric and marine chemistry, volcanism and other aspects of mountain formation, changes in glaciation, changes in sea level, and bear upon events.[10]

Detailed timeline [edit]

In this timeline, Ma (for megaannum) means "million years agone," ka (for kiloannum) means "thou years ago," and ya ways "years agone."

Hadean Eon [edit]

4600 Ma and earlier.

Appointment Event
4600 Ma The planet Earth forms from the accretion disc revolving around the young Sun, with organic compounds (complex organic molecules) necessary for life having perhaps formed in the protoplanetary disk of catholic grit grains surrounding it before the formation of the Earth itself.[13]
4500 Ma Co-ordinate to the giant impact hypothesis, the Moon originated when the planet Earth and the hypothesized planet Theia collided, sending a very large number of moonlets into orbit around the young Earth which eventually coalesced to course the Moon.[14] The gravitational pull of the new Moon stabilised the World's fluctuating centrality of rotation and set up the conditions in which abiogenesis could occur.[xv]
4400 Ma First appearance of liquid water on Earth.
4374 Ma The age of the oldest discovered zircon crystals.
4280 Ma Earliest possible appearance of life on Earth.[16] [17] [eighteen] [19]

Archean Eon [edit]

4000 Ma – 2500 Ma

Appointment Effect
4000 Ma Formation of a greenstone belt of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in Northwest Territories, Canada - the oldest rock chugalug in the world.[20]
4100–3800 Ma Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): extended barrage past meteoroids resulting in impact events upon the inner planets. Thermal flux from widespread hydrothermal activeness during the LHB may have been conducive to abiogenesis and life's early diversification.[21] "Remains of biotic life" were establish in iv.1 billion-year-one-time rocks in Western Commonwealth of australia.[22] [23] This is when life most likely arose.
3900–2500 Ma Cells resembling prokaryotes announced.[24] These starting time organisms are believed[ by whom? ] to take been chemoautotrophs: they use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy.
3800 Ma Germination of a greenstone belt of the Isua complex of the western Greenland region, whose rocks prove an isotope frequency suggestive of the presence of life.[xx] The earliest evidences for life on World are three.eight billion-yr-old biogenic hematite in a banded atomic number 26 germination of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Chugalug in Canada,[25] graphite in three.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland[26] and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.[27] [28]
3500 Ma Lifetime of the final universal common ancestor (LUCA);[29] [30] the split up between bacteria and archaea occurs.[31]

Bacteria develop primitive forms of photosynthesis which at first did not produce oxygen.[32] These organisms generated Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by exploiting a proton gradient, a mechanism nevertheless used in most all organisms, unchanged, to this day.[33] [34] [35]

3000 Ma Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use h2o equally a reducing agent, thereby producing oxygen as a waste product.[36] The oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved atomic number 26 in the oceans, creating iron ore. The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rises, interim as a poison for many leaner and eventually triggering the Great Oxygenation Event.
2800 Ma Oldest testify for microbial life on state in the form of organic matter-rich paleosols, ephemeral ponds and alluvial sequences, some of them bearing microfossils.[37]

Proterozoic Eon [edit]

2500 Ma – 542 Ma. Contains the Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic eras.

Date Upshot
2500 Ma Groovy Oxidation Result led by cyanobacteria'southward oxygenic photosynthesis.[36] Kickoff of plate tectonics with old marine crust dense enough to subduct.[twenty]
By 1850 Ma Eukaryotic cells appear. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles with various functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (Encounter Symbiogenesis and Endosymbiont). Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) emerge before, or soon afterwards, the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.[38] The appearance of ruddy beds bear witness that an oxidising temper had been produced. Incentives at present favoured the spread of eukaryotic life.[39] [forty] [41]
1300 Ma Primeval state fungi[42]
Past 1200 Ma Meiosis and sexual reproduction are present in single-celled eukaryotes, and possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.[43] Sex may even have arisen earlier in the RNA world.[44] Sexual reproduction commencement appears in the fossil records; information technology may have increased the charge per unit of evolution.[45]
1000 Ma The offset non-marine eukaryotes motility onto land. They were photosynthetic and multicellular, indicating that plants evolved much earlier than originally thought.[46]
750 Ma Kickoff protozoa (ex: Melanocyrillium); beginning of animal development[47] [48]
720–630 Ma A global glaciation may have occurred.[49] [50] Opinion is divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the charge per unit of evolution.[51] [52] [53] It is believed that this was due to evolution of the first state plants, which increased the corporeality of oxygen and lowered the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[54]
600 Ma The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an ozone layer.[55] Prior to this, land-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to let colonisation of the land.[37]
580–542 Ma The Ediacara biota represent the first large, complex aquatic multicellular organisms — although their affinities remain a discipline of contend.[56]
580–500 Ma Most modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion.[57] [58]
550 Ma First fossil evidence for Ctenophora (comb jellies), Porifera (sponges), Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones). Advent of Ikaria wariootia (an early on Bilaterian).

Phanerozoic Eon [edit]

Emergence of animals and plants

542 Ma – nowadays

The Phanerozoic Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life," marks the appearance in the fossil record of arable, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into 3 eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions.

Palaeozoic Era [edit]

542 Ma – 251.0 Ma and contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.

Ferns commencement appear in the fossil tape well-nigh 360 million years agone in the late Devonian period.[61]

Engagement Effect
535 Ma Major diversification of living things in the oceans: arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), chordates, echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc.
530 Ma The showtime known footprints on land date to 530 Ma.[62]
525 Ma Primeval graptolites
511 Ma Earliest crustaceans
510 Ma First cephalopods (nautiloids) and chitons
505 Ma Fossilization of the Burgess Shale
500 Ma Jellyfish take existed since at least this fourth dimension.
485 Ma First vertebrates with true bones (jawless fishes)
450 Ma First complete conodonts and echinoids appear
440 Ma First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci, Galeaspida, and Pituriaspida
420 Ma Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions[63]
410 Ma First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest Nautilida, lycophytes, and trimerophytes.
395 Ma Starting time lichens, stoneworts. Earliest harvestmen, mites, hexapods (springtails) and ammonoids. The starting time known tetrapod tracks on state.
365 Ma Acanthostega is 1 of the earliest vertebrates capable of walking.
363 Ma By the start of the Carboniferous Catamenia, the Globe begins to resemble its present state. Insects roamed the land and would soon take to the skies; sharks swam the oceans equally acme predators,[64] and vegetation covered the state, with seed-bearing plants and forests soon to flourish.

Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which volition help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit.

360 Ma Get-go crabs and ferns. Country flora dominated by seed ferns. The Xinhang forest grows effectually this time[65]
350 Ma First large sharks, ratfishes, and hagfish; kickoff crown tetrapods (with five digits and no fins and scales)
340 Ma Diversification of amphibians
330-320 Ma First amniote vertebrates (Paleothyris)
320 Ma Synapsids (precursors to mammals) separate from sauropsids (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.[66]
305 Ma The Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse occurs, causing a minor extinction issue, as well equally paving the way for amniotes to become dominant over amphibians and seed plants over ferns and lycophytes.

Starting time diapsid reptiles (e.thou. Petrolacosaurus)

280 Ma Earliest beetles, seed plants and conifers diversify while lepidodendrids and sphenopsids decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.1000. Dimetrodon) diversify in species.
275 Ma Therapsid synapsids separate from pelycosaur synapsids
270 Ma Gorgonopsians appear in the fossil record
251.nine-251.iv Ma The Permian–Triassic extinction consequence eliminates over 90-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not equally seriously affected as the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on land took 30 meg years to completely recover.[67]

Mesozoic Era [edit]

From 251.4 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

Date Event
250 Ma The Mesozoic Marine Revolution begins: increasingly well adapted and diverse predators pressurize sessile marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey adapt more rapidly and effectively than others.
250 Ma Triadobatrachus massinoti is the primeval known frog
248 Ma Sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseridae) first announced.
245 Ma Earliest ichthyosaurs
240 Ma Increase in diverseness of cynodonts and rhynchosaurs
225 Ma Earliest dinosaurs (prosauropods), first cardiid bivalves, diversity in cycads, bennettitaleans, and conifers. First teleost fishes. First mammals (Adelobasileus).
220 Ma Seed-producing Gymnosperm forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes to adapt the big guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants.[ citation needed ] Showtime flies and turtles (Odontochelys). Offset coelophysoid dinosaurs. Showtime mammals from pocket-sized-sized cynodonts, which transitioned towards a nocturnal, insectivorous, and endothermic lifestyle.
205

Ma

The Massive extinction of Triassic/Jurassic, that wiped out all pseudosuchians except crocodylomorphs, who transitioned to an aquatic habitat in response to the rapid filling of terrestrial and aerial niches by the dinosaurs and pterosaurs respectively.
200 Ma The first accustomed evidence for viruses that infect eukaryotic cells (at least, the group Geminiviridae) existed.[68] Viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more contempo phenomenon.

Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of armoured dinosaurs

195 Ma First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (Dorygnathus). First sauropod dinosaurs. Diversification in modest, ornithischian dinosaurs: heterodontosaurids, fabrosaurids, and scelidosaurids.
190 Ma Pliosauroids appear in the fossil tape. First lepidopteran insects (Archaeolepis), hermit crabs, modern starfish, irregular echinoids, corbulid bivalves, and tubulipore bryozoans. All-encompassing development of sponge reefs.
176 Ma First members of the Stegosauria group of dinosaurs
170 Ma Earliest salamanders, newts, cryptoclidids, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, and cladotherian mammals. Sauropod dinosaurs diversify.
165 Ma Commencement rays and glycymeridid bivalves. Outset vampire squids[69]
163 Ma Pterodactyloid pterosaurs get-go appear[seventy]
161 Ma Ceratopsian dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (Yinlong) and the oldest known Eutherian Mammal appear in the fossil record: Juramaia.
160 Ma Multituberculate mammals (genus Rugosodon) appear in eastern China
155 Ma First blood-sucking insects (ceratopogonids), rudist bivalves, and cheilostome bryozoans. Archaeopteryx, a possible ancestor to the birds, appears in the fossil record, along with triconodontid and symmetrodont mammals. Diversity in stegosaurian and theropod dinosaurs.
153 Ma Start pine trees
140 Ma Orb-weaver spiders appear
135 Ma The rise of the angiosperms: Some of these flowering plants behave structures that concenter insects and other animals to spread pollen; other angiosperms were pollinated by current of air or h2o. This innovation causes a major burst of beast development through coevolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles. Primeval krill.
120 Ma Oldest fossils of heterokonts, including both marine diatoms and silicoflagellates
115 Ma First monotreme mammals
112 Ma Xiphactinus, a large predatory fish, appears in the fossil tape
110 Ma First hesperornithes, toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid, verticordiid, and thyasirid bivalves.
106 Ma Spinosaurus, the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil record
100 Ma Primeval bees
95 Ma Kickoff crocodilians evolve
ninety Ma Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest snakes and nuculanid bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids, rosids, hamamelidids, monocots, and ginger. Earliest examples of ticks. Probable origins of placental mammals (earliest undisputed fossil show is 66 Ma).
lxxx Ma First ants
70 Ma Multituberculate mammals increase in variety. Offset yoldiid bivalves.
68 Ma Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of what is now western North America appears in the fossil record. Get-go species of Triceratops.

Cenozoic Era [edit]

66 Ma – present

Appointment Event
66 Ma The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event eradicates about half of all animal species, including mosasaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, rudist and inoceramid bivalves, about planktic foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding the birds.[71]
66 Ma- Rapid authority of conifers and ginkgos in loftier latitudes, forth with mammals becoming the dominant species. Start psammobiid bivalves. Earliest rodents. Rapid diversification in ants.
63 Ma Evolution of the creodonts, an important group of meat-eating (carnivorous) mammals
62 Ma Evolution of the first penguins
lx Ma Diversification of large, flightless birds. Earliest true primates,[ who? ] along with the kickoff semelid bivalves, edentate, carnivoran and lipotyphlan mammals, and owls. The ancestors of the cannibal mammals (miacids) were alive.[ citation needed ]
59 Ma Earliest sailfish appear
56 Ma Gastornis, a large flightless bird, appears in the fossil record
55 Ma Modern bird groups diversify (first song birds, parrots, loons, swifts, woodpeckers), start whale (Himalayacetus), earliest lagomorphs, armadillos, advent of sirenian, proboscidean, perissodactyl and artiodactyl mammals in the fossil record. Angiosperms diversify. The ancestor (according to theory) of the species in the genus Carcharodon, the early on mako shark Isurus hastalis, is alive.
52 Ma Showtime bats appear (Onychonycteris)
50 Ma Elevation variety of dinoflagellates and nannofossils, increment in diversity of anomalodesmatan and heteroconch bivalves, brontotheres, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels announced in the fossil record, diversification of primates
40 Ma Modernistic-type butterflies and moths announced. Extinction of Gastornis. Basilosaurus, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record.
38 Ma Earliest bears
37 Ma Kickoff nimravid ("false saber-toothed cats") carnivores — these species are unrelated to modernistic-type felines. Outset alligators
35 Ma Grasses diversify from among the monocot angiosperms; grasslands begin to aggrandize. Slight increase in diversity of cold-tolerant ostracods and foraminifers, along with major extinctions of gastropods, reptiles, amphibians, and multituberculate mammals. Many modern mammal groups begin to appear: start glyptodonts, footing sloths, canids, peccaries, and the first eagles and hawks. Diversity in toothed and baleen whales.
33 Ma Evolution of the thylacinid marsupials (Badjcinus)
30 Ma Showtime balanids and eucalypts, extinction of embrithopod and brontothere mammals, earliest pigs and cats
28 Ma Paraceratherium appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived. Outset pelicans.
25 Ma Pelagornis sandersi appears in the fossil record, the largest flight bird that ever lived
25 Ma Start deer
24 Ma Showtime pinnipeds
23 Ma Earliest ostriches, trees representative of virtually major groups of oaks take appeared past at present[72]
twenty Ma First giraffes, hyenas, and behemothic anteaters, increase in bird variety
17 Ma First birds of the genus Corvus (crows)
15 Ma Genus Mammut appears in the fossil record, first bovids and kangaroos, diverseness in Australian megafauna
10 Ma Grasslands and savannas are established, multifariousness in insects, peculiarly ants and termites, horses increment in trunk size and develop loftier-crowned teeth, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes
9.v Ma[ dubious – talk over ] The Cracking American Interchange, where various land and freshwater faunas migrated between North and Due south America. Armadillos, opossums, hummingbirds Phorusrhacids, Ground Sloths, Glyptodonts, and Meridiungulates traveled to Due north America, while horses, tapirs, saber-toothed cats, Jaguars, Bears, Coaties, Ferrets, Otters, Skunks and deer entered South America.
9 Ma Start platypuses
6.5 Ma Offset hominins (Sahelanthropus)
6 Ma Australopithecines diversify (Orrorin, Ardipithecus)
five Ma First tree sloths and hippopotami, diversification of grazing herbivores like zebras and elephants, large carnivorous mammals like lions and the genus Canis, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and small carnivores, vultures increase in size, decrease in the number of perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of nimravid carnivores. Showtime leopard seals.
4.8 Ma Mammoths announced in the fossil record
4.five Ma Marine iguanas diverge from land iguanas
four Ma Evolution of Australopithecus, Stupendemys appears in the fossil record as the largest freshwater turtle, first modern elephants, giraffes, zebras, lions, rhinoceros and gazelles appear in the fossil tape
3.vi Ma Blue whales grow to their mod sizes
3 Ma Earliest swordfish
ii.vii Ma Development of Paranthropus
2.five Ma The earliest species of Smilodon evolve
2 Ma First members of the genus Homo, Homo Habilis, appear in the fossil record. Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle, aurochs (Bos primigenus), evolves in India.
1.7 Ma Extinction of australopithecines
1.2 Ma Evolution of Homo antecessor. The concluding members of Paranthropus die out.
i Ma First coyotes
800 Ka Short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) go arable in Due north America
600 ka Evolution of Homo heidelbergensis
400 ka Showtime polar bears
350 ka Development of Neanderthals
300 ka Gigantopithecus, a giant relative of the orangutan from Asia dies out
250 ka Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa.[73] [74] [75] Around fifty,000 years before present they start colonising the other continents, replacing the Neanderthals in Europe and other hominins in Asia.
forty ka The last of the giant monitor lizards (Varanus priscus) die out
30 ka Extinction of Neanderthals, outset domestic dogs
15 ka The last woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) are believed to take gone extinct
xi ka Curt-faced bears vanish from North America, with the last giant footing sloths dying out. All Equidae become extinct in North America.
x ka The Holocene epoch starts x,000[76] years agone after the Final Glacial Maximum. The concluding mainland species of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenus) dice out, equally does the terminal Smilodon species.
8 ka The Giant Lemur died out
Historical extinctions [edit]

Appointment Event
6000 ya (c. 4000 BC) Small populations of American mastodon dice off in places like Utah and Michigan.
4500 ya (c. 2500 BC) The last members of a dwarf race of woolly mammoths vanish from Wrangel Isle near Alaska.
c. 600 ya (c. 1400) The moa and its predator, Haast'southward eagle, dice out in New Zealand.
395 ya (1627) The final recorded wild aurochs die out.
334 ya (1688) The dodo goes extinct.
254 ya (1768) The Steller'southward sea moo-cow goes extinct.
139 ya (1883) The quagga, a subspecies of zebra, goes extinct.
117 ya (1905) Wolves become extinct in Japan.
108 ya (1914) Martha, the last known passenger pigeon, dies.
86 ya (1936) The thylacine goes extinct in a Tasmanian zoo, the last fellow member of the family Thylacinidae.
85 ya (1937) The terminal Bali tiger was shot.
70 ya (1952) The Caribbean monk seal goes extinct.[79]
fourteen ya (2008) The baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, becomes functionally extinct, co-ordinate to the IUCN Ruddy List.[80]
xi ya (2011) The western black rhinoceros is alleged extinct.

See also [edit]

  • Development of fungi
  • Development of plants (timeline)
  • Geologic fourth dimension scale
  • History of the Earth
  • Natural history
  • Sociocultural evolution
  • Timeline of human evolution
  • Timeline of natural history

References [edit]

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Bibliography [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor'south Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN978-0-618-00583-3. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.

External links [edit]

  • "Understanding Evolution: your ane-end resources for information on evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-03-18 .
  • "Life on Earth". Tree of Life Web Projection. University of Arizona. Jan 1, 1997. Retrieved 2015-03-eighteen . Explore consummate phylogenetic tree interactively
  • Brandt, Niel. "Evolutionary and Geological Timelines". TalkOrigins Annal. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-18 .
  • "Palaeos: Life Through Deep Fourth dimension". Palaeos . Retrieved 2015-03-18 .
  • Kyrk, John. "Evolution" (SWF). Cell Biology Blitheness . Retrieved 2015-03-18 . Interactive timeline from Large Bang to present
  • "Establish Evolution". Plant and Beast Evolution. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-18 . Sequence of Plant Evolution
  • "The History of Animal Evolution". Institute and Creature Evolution. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-18 . Sequence of Animal Evolution
  • Yeo, Dannel; Drage, Thomas (2006). "History of Life on Earth". Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2015-03-19 .
  • Exploring Time. The Science Channel. 2007. Retrieved 2015-03-xix .
  • Roberts, Ben. "Plant evolution timeline". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-nineteen .
  • Art of the Nature Timelines on Wikipedia

hammondstle1999.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life

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